But with a more precise considertaion, it looks that the starting point of smart city topics is in 1994. From this year until 1997, it was not added much to the literature of smart city in the world. After those articles, notes increasingly rose to 2005, this process decresaed a little from 2006 to 2009 and from 2010 onwards the growh of mentioned literature was more than double from year to year.There are several important and effective points in this process including 1997, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2010.

1997 is known by Kyoto Protocol and its main goal was limiting and reducing carbon dioxide emissions and protecting the environment arround the world. Kyoto Protocol was signed and approved by 192 countries, it means all countries of UN except U.S.A, Andorra, Canada, South Sudan. According to it, countries, particularly developed countries are committed to exert limitations in order to reduce green house gasses in two time periods of 2008-2012 and 2012-2020. The role of Kyoto Protocol in the obligation of states and cities for the design and implementation of programs and environmental policies was one of the items that resulted in the prevalence the topic of smart cities. By vast and increasing use of Internet in the world in 2000 it is obvious that in this year internet use increased not only in business and commerce and different economic sectors but also in daily life pf people.

In this year, the infrastructures of ICT including bandwidth, wireless network, practical internet networks and open operating system formed the backbone of the modern communication system altogether. Electronic service provision was developed in different fields such as medical-health cares, energy, training, environmentla management, transport and public security in cities by helping the Internet and Internet infrastructure. At the same time, along with the internet, cell phones became available for all the people and they accomplished complicated technological developments in citizens’ life. These developments are considered as one of the main motives of the Interest in the concept of Smart City.

The Kyoto Protocol came into force on February 16 in 2005, after this event, international plans increased in the field of protection of the environment in order to access to the goals of the Protocol and smart city scenario was introduced so as to protect environment more than before.

In 2008, two important events influenced smart city; introducing the concept of Smart Planet and assembly of mayors.

The concept of Smart Planet means attempt to preapare a smart and adjacent planet in which political, business and urban managers and citizens across the world use the Internet and cell phone technology.

In the same year, assembly of mayors was also a spontanous innovation among European cities. This innitiative was in order to expand the concept of smart city and also reduce carbon dioxide by 20% until 2020 through increasing the efficiency of energy and consuming renewable energy. This agreement was completed and approved by Europe Commission in the context of 2020 strategic objectives. Their measures were mostly focused on the redevelopment of public and private infrastructures, movement and clean mobility and publicizing citizens of energy consumption. Signatory cities agreed that present their programs about sustainable energy.

In 2010, Europe Union compiled 2020 Europe strategy focused on 5 main goals of occupation, research and development, climate Change and energy, training, and poverty.

To achieve these goals, each Europian country is committed to develop smart plans for its principal cities and therefore, 2020 Europ strategy promoted the concepts of smart and digital city and research and development in this field increasingly.

Currently, ideas and plans of smart city are in progress in different countries of the world with different social, economic and political features as operational solutions to cope with urban problems and it is in the agenda as one of the movement strategies in the direction of susutainable development.

Sources:

Dameri Renata Paola (2014) Smart City, How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space

- Hwang Jong-Sung (2013), Smart Cities Seoul: a case study, ITU-T Technology Watch Report